2024 A key element of cenr includes

Expressionism is a term that, like impressionism, originated in the visual arts and was then applied to other arts including music. Expressionism can be considered a reaction to the ethereal sweetness of impressionism. Instead of gauzy impressions of natural beauty, expressionism looks inward to the angst and fear lurking in the subconscious mind.. Sl

How should researchers and IRBs assess and address risk of harm during the planning, conduct, and review of CEnR? Consider both short-term and long-term risks of harm to both individual research subjects and the community. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which of the following considerations for IRB approval is ...Put simply, a user interface is the point of human-computer interaction and communication on a device, webpage, or app. This can include display screens, keyboards, a mouse, and the appearance of a desktop. User interfaces enable users to effectively control the computer or device they are interacting with. A successful user interface …Nov 6, 2020 · Additional Resources: 6 Key Elements of a Hospital Emergency Operations Plan. California Hospital Association, Communications. This resource includes information on how to satisfy the communication element of disaster preparedness. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Healthcare Preparedness and Response. The CDC provides tools for ... Dec 31, 2023 · Some of the benefits of having good emotional intelligence skills include improvements in each of these areas: Leadership: Emotional intelligence allows you to be a more effective leader. Communication: Understanding how others are feeling allows you to communicate with them better. Self-knowledge: Being more aware of what you are feeling ... A contract is valid and legally binding if the following 6 essential elements are present. 1. Offer. Offer and acceptance analysis form the basis of contract law and the formation of a valid contract. Developed in the 19th century, the offer and acceptance formula identifies the point of formation, where the parties are of 'one mind'.Community-Engaged Research (CEnR) The foundation for community-engaged research has been in place at Yale for almost 40 years via the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, now National Clinician Scholars Program (NCSP), the program which became a bedrock for the education of the next generation of investigators to conduct ... Put simply, a user interface is the point of human-computer interaction and communication on a device, webpage, or app. This can include display screens, keyboards, a mouse, and the appearance of a desktop. User interfaces enable users to effectively control the computer or device they are interacting with. A successful user interface …Topics include assessing risks, balancing risks and potential benefits, minimizing and managing risks, certificates of confidentiality, and ways to address risks in the informed consent document and process. ... including informed consent guidelines as well as the required and additional elements of informed consent as described by the federal …When working to build a Great Business Case (i.e. one that is objective and compelling), research must be conducted and reasonable, educated assumptions must be defined in order to clearly present the anticipated project benefits. While some factual, real data may be known, (e.g., number of employees) allowances must be made for potential ...The 8 Elements of a Story 1. Setting. The first of the story elements is the story setting. All stories have a setting. The setting includes the time and place in which the story will be taking place. There may be just one story setting, such as in a short story that only takes place in a single room of a house.Metacognition is, put simply, thinking about one’s thinking. More precisely, it refers to the processes used to plan, monitor, and assess one’s understanding and performance. Metacognition includes a critical awareness of a) one’s thinking and learning and b) oneself as a thinker and learner. Initially studied for its development in young ... Feb 11, 2021 · The 7 elements of design consider space, line, form, light, color, texture and pattern. A balance of these elements is vital to every scheme. 1. Space. 'Space' refers to the distance between and around furniture and objects and their proportions within a room. Getting the balance within a room just right relies on using both 'positive' and ... W hile the traditional approach to health research treats individuals and populations as the subjects of inquiry, community-engaged research (CEnR) involves establishing and maintaining authentic partnerships between researchers and those who are being researched, including local community members and organizations. 1-5 CEnR is an …Elements of Report Writing: 1. Executive Summary: The executive summary is a precise overview of the report that gives a quick preview of what the report is all about. It includes a glimpse of the outline, problem statement, methodology, findings, and limitations. Although abstract and executive summary are used interchangeably, there exists a ...Your cover letter should include: Your contact information and the date. The employer’s contact information. A greeting. Body paragraphs. A closing paragraph. A sign-off. You should customize your cover letter to every position you apply to. Focus on what you can add to the company in your cover letter.Why Community Engaged Research (CEnR)? CEnR allows the research to more accurately target the development, implementation, and analyses of problems that impact the community as well as to develop more valid interventions that improve community level outcomes.a, b CEnR approaches can enhance research validity, as well as work to …Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is the most well-known framework for CEnR. As a highly evolved collaborative approach, CBPR would be represented on the right side of the continuum shown in Figure 1.1. In CBPR, all collaborators respect the strengths that each brings to the partnership, and the community participates fully in all ...According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), community-engaged research (CEnR) is, “the process of working collaboratively with and through groups of people affiliated by geographic proximity, special interest, or similar situations to address issues affecting the well-being of those people.” 1-3 Through CEnR efforts, resea... The key strategic priorities of the USGCRP are to address uncertainties important to policy issues, including: ... is coordination of total Program development, integration of scientific elements, and overall program evaluation and review. In accordance with the provisions of the Global Change Research Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-606), specific responsibilities of the …Examples of these benefits can be seen in Table 1 below and include improving research quality (Involve, 2013) and relevancy (Kreis et al., 2013), promoting uptake in the use of research in healthcare decision making and ... this, the Framework aims to cover common and key steps in the engagement process, provide a helpful structure, and raise …is limited to the information elements the data subject specifically requests. is at the discretion of the organization, given its accounting policies. must be more detailed for disclosures that involve fewer than 50 subject records. HIPAA includes in its definition of "research," activities related to …Conclusions: A broadly defined CEnR continuum will allow researchers, community members and organizations to readily identify 1) where they are on the continuum of CEnR, 2) appropriate access points to enter the continuum based on existing contextual factors, and 3) actions to promote progression on the continuum. Funders have the opportunity …Search worldwide, life-sciences literature Search. Advanced SearchExamples of these benefits can be seen in Table 1 below and include improving research quality (Involve, 2013) and relevancy (Kreis et al., 2013), promoting uptake in the use of research in healthcare decision making and ... this, the Framework aims to cover common and key steps in the engagement process, provide a helpful structure, and raise …Introduction. Community-engaged research (CEnR) involves community stakeholders and researchers collaborating to co-design, implement, evaluate, and disseminate clinical and translational research that is culturally appropriate, valued, efficient, and effective [].CEnR is an important avenue for both researchers and community stakeholders to generate and …Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.teristics of effective partners include individuals who are willing and committed to the partnership goals, value CEnR, are trustworthy, have deep and rich history with the community, are ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What is a written plan that describes goals for children's learning and development, and the learning experiences, materials, and teaching strategies that are used to help children achieve goals?, Which is a true statement regarding teaching?, Which term refers to what a teacher says or does that engages children and contributes ... 1. Promotes collaborative and equitable partnerships. 2. Community is the unit of identity. "Sense of connection and identification with others, shared norms and values, common language and customs, similar goals and interests, and a desire to meet shared needs". group, sexual orientation). The organizational structure of the CENR includes full-committee and subcommittee policy vice chairs who bring high-level policy perspectives to the CENR. The CENR consists of seven issue subcommittees created because they represent areas of important policy that transcend the interest of a single agency: Global Change; Biodiversity and Ecosystem …1. Promotes collaborative and equitable partnerships. 2. Community is the unit of identity. "Sense of connection and identification with others, shared norms and values, common language and customs, similar goals and interests, and a desire to meet shared needs". group, sexual orientation). Other strategies central to CEnR include . compensating community members, communicating funding ... The importance of sustainability is a key element of . ENGAGE. It can be harmful if a project ...Sep 11, 2020 · Future research should develop tools that help stakeholders evaluate the utility and adaptability of CEnR resources and should incorporate key aspects of CEnR resources observed in this study: content as it relates to core domains of CEnR competencies, intended audience, format, and accessibility. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What procedures must be described in an agreement called an "assurance of compliance" with OHRP?, A researcher proposes to conduct a study at a foreign site that has been determined to be exempt from the federal regulations by institutional policy. According to federal regulations, is review …Nov 21, 2023 · 4 Key Elements To Consider for an Emergency Evacuation Plan in the Workplace. Evacuations Made Easy with SwipedOn. Share. Watch on. Find out what key elements make up an effective emergency evacuation plan in the workplace, and how technology can help make it more efficient. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Three principles of Belmont Report, The Belmont Report Principle of Beneficence, T/F Belmont Report indicates it is necessary to rigorously avoid conflicts of interest and more. Brand identity is the specific design and messaging a company uses, including logo, color scheme, typography, voice, and tone. If you sell physical products, brand identity can also include tangible elements, such as the appearance and materials used in your packaging. Think of your own identity as an individual—it’s what makes you you.Timeline, costs, and deliverables should be detailed clearly to show the scope of your project. In the ten sections below, you’ll find ten essential elements of a project plan you shouldn't overlook. 1. Outline business justification and stakeholder needs. Before starting your project, it is essential to align the project's goals and needs ...1) Color. Sir Isaac Newton is widely credited with creating the very first color wheel back in 1706. As the story goes, Newton took the spectrum of colors produced when light passes through a prism (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet) and arranged them in a segmented circle. When the circle was spun rapidly on a rotating disk ...Why Community Engaged Research (CEnR)? CEnR allows the research to more accurately target the development, implementation, and analyses of problems that impact the community as well as to develop more valid interventions that improve community level outcomes.a, b CEnR approaches can enhance research validity, as well as work to …Need key words (up to 5): community engagement, translational research, ... CEnR includes critical elements such as: collaboration with diverse groups and individuals, including community members ...Informed consent is the process in which a health care provider educates a patient about the risks, benefits, and alternatives of a given procedure or intervention. The patient must be competent to make a voluntary decision about whether to undergo the procedure or intervention. Informed consent is both an ethical and legal obligation of …Strengths include the large, ethnically/racially and socioeconomically diverse sample, allowing us to examine our key research questions through a health equity lens which is important given ...Community health coalitions often include representatives from various community sectors, organizations, or constituencies, 16 have existing infrastructure, and use health development strategies to address health and social concerns. 17 These coalitions provide ready, organized partners for collaborative research. Therefore, faculty and staff …Introduction. Community-engaged research (CEnR) involves community stakeholders and researchers collaborating to co-design, implement, evaluate, and disseminate clinical and translational research that is culturally appropriate, valued, efficient, and effective [].CEnR is an important avenue for both researchers and community stakeholders to generate and …CEnR encourages researchers to work collaboratively with a variety of nonacademic partners including government agencies, community organizations, local nonprofits, and other traditional and nontraditional community partners to ensure sustainable accomplishments. 5 Despite a growing interest in CEnR and recognition of its benefits, …Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Three principles of Belmont Report, The Belmont Report Principle of Beneficence, T/F Belmont Report …Community-engaged research (CEnR) involves community stakeholders and researchers collaborating to co-design, implement, evaluate, and disseminate clinical …A broadly defined CEnR continuum will allow researchers, community members and organizations to readily identify 1) where they are on the continuum of CEnR, 2) appropriate access points to enter the continuum based on existing contextual factors, and 3) actions to promote progression on the continuu … Key Takeaways. The elements of a marketing mix are the factors that businesses should consider when they form marketing plans. There are five elements of a marketing mix, otherwise known as "the five P's," of marketing: product, price, place, promotion, and people. Careful consideration of these five elements will help a business …A broadly defined CEnR continuum will allow researchers, community members and organizations to readily identify 1) where they are on the continuum of CEnR, 2) appropriate access points to enter the continuum based on existing contextual factors, and 3) actions to promote progression on the continuu … They are often guided by an advisory board that includes community members who provide counsel throughout the project. Other strategies central to CEnR include compensating community members, communicating funding realities, and emphasizing safety and trust (Collins et al., ... The importance of sustainability is a key …They are often guided by an advisory board that includes community members who provide counsel throughout the project. Other strategies central to CEnR include compensating community members, communicating funding realities, and emphasizing safety and trust (Collins et al., ... The importance of sustainability is a key …These employees must be educated on all relevant laws, OSHA regulations and other standards, and trained in the art of violation and hazard identification. To ensure objectivity, employees should never inspect their own work environment. A fresh set of eyes is better at spotting whatever issues a supervisor or section manager has failed to notice.The NIMHD Community-Based Participatory Research Program (CBPR) supports collaborative interventions that involve scientific researchers and community members to address diseases and conditions disproportionately affecting health disparity populations. Recognizing the strength of each partner, scientific researchers across …Nov 18, 2016 · This resource defines person-centered care as care in which individuals’ values and preferences guide all aspects of their health care, supporting their realistic health and life goals. Essential elements include: an individualized, goal-oriented care plan based on the person’s preferences; ongoing review of the person’s goals and care ... Metacognition is, put simply, thinking about one’s thinking. More precisely, it refers to the processes used to plan, monitor, and assess one’s understanding and performance. Metacognition includes a critical awareness of a) one’s thinking and learning and b) oneself as a thinker and learner. Initially studied for its development in young ... Jan 5, 2024 · The last element that is key to the development of civilizations is the division of people into classes. This is a complex idea that can be broken down into two parts: income and type of work performed. Changing classes has traditionally been difficult and happens over generations. Classes can mean groups of people divided by their income. Jan 7, 2014 · Executives are digitally transforming three key areas of their enterprises: customer experience, operational processes and business models. And each of these three pillars has three different elements that are changing. These nine elements form a set of building blocks for digital transformation. Currently, no company in our sample has fully ... Jul 11, 2023 · An interactive element activated by a user with a mouse, keyboard, finger, voice command, or other assistive technology. Once activated, it performs an action, such as submitting a form or opening a dialog. <datalist> Contains a set of <option> elements that represent the permissible or recommended options available to choose from within other ... The document is structured to provide a “points-to-consider” roadmap for HSP entities to help them adequately address the nine key functions necessary to provide …Expressionism is a term that, like impressionism, originated in the visual arts and was then applied to other arts including music. Expressionism can be considered a reaction to the ethereal sweetness of impressionism. Instead of gauzy impressions of natural beauty, expressionism looks inward to the angst and fear lurking in the subconscious mind.How should researchers and IRBs assess and address risk of harm during the planning, conduct, and review of CEnR? Consider both short-term and long-term risks of harm to …CEnR commonly includes patients, family members, health care providers, clinical researchers, community organizations, government entities, and other stakeholders [5]. A central focus of CEnR is to partner with underserved communities and population groups that are typically excluded from research. ... The purpose of this article is to discuss the …The interactive program elements and monthly assignments received the highest team ratings for effectiveness. ... CEnR includes approaches that are newer and less developed than those used in nonengaged research so there may be less institutional understanding of CEnR, creating a barrier for peer support and mentoring. ... could begin to fill the need …Timeline, costs, and deliverables should be detailed clearly to show the scope of your project. In the ten sections below, you’ll find ten essential elements of a project plan you shouldn't overlook. 1. Outline business justification and stakeholder needs. Before starting your project, it is essential to align the project's goals and needs ...What is CEnR? This guide is an introduction to Community Engaged Research (CEnR), which is defined by the WK Kellogg Community Health Scholars …Your project plan builds on your project charter to provide a more in-depth blueprint of the key elements of your project. There are seven key elements in a project plan: Goals. Success metrics. Stakeholders and roles. Scope and budget. Milestones and deliverables. Timeline and schedule. Communication plan.Noise: This can be any sort of interference that affects the message being sent, received, or understood.It can be as literal as static over a phone line or radio or as esoteric as misinterpreting a local custom. Context: This is the setting and situation in which communication takes place.Like noise, context can have an impact on the successful …1. Introduction. Community-engaged research (CEnR) includes the target community as part of the research, where community is defined as a group of individuals affiliated by geographic proximity, health conditions, or other unifying traits or interests commonly shared (1, 2).Translational and clinical research that incorporates the voices of …Key Takeaways. The elements of a marketing mix are the factors that businesses should consider when they form marketing plans. There are five elements of a marketing mix, otherwise known as "the five P's," of marketing: product, price, place, promotion, and people. Careful consideration of these five elements will help a business …Put simply, a user interface is the point of human-computer interaction and communication on a device, webpage, or app. This can include display screens, keyboards, a mouse, and the appearance of a desktop. User interfaces enable users to effectively control the computer or device they are interacting with. A successful user interface …Lessons learned: We identified 4 key lessons: 1) CEnR requires a flexible, iterative approach to DCDM, 2) there are trade-offs to having a flexible DCDM approach, 3) responsibilities for DCDM should consider the skill sets and priorities of all partners, and 4) nuances of DC within CEnR has important implications for human subjects and ethics ... The interactive program elements and monthly assignments received the highest team ratings for effectiveness. ... CEnR includes approaches that are newer and less developed than those used in nonengaged research so there may be less institutional understanding of CEnR, creating a barrier for peer support and mentoring. ... could begin to fill the need …Feb 8, 2022 · These principles were later expanded to include an eighth – access to care. The researchers found that there are certain practices conducive to a positive patient experience and their findings form Picker’s Eight Principles of Patient-Centered Care. 1. Respect for patients’ values, preferences and expressed needs. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Three principles of Belmont Report, The Belmont Report Principle of Beneficence, T/F Belmont Report …It also includes the impact on autonomy, beneficence, and justice that may arise due to research on or with vulnerable individuals or groups. ... the meaning of the term "community," the disciplines and social movements that contributed to the development of CEnR, and the principles that guide CEnR. It also identifies the main differences …Lessons learned: We identified 4 key lessons: 1) CEnR requires a flexible, iterative approach to DCDM, 2) there are trade-offs to having a flexible DCDM approach, 3) responsibilities for DCDM should consider the skill sets and priorities of all partners, and 4) nuances of DC within CEnR has important implications for human subjects and ethics ... Any factor in an experiment that changes in order to test a hypothesis. Variable. The parts of an experiment that are kept the same. Controlled variable. The part of an experiment that is affected by what is changed usually measured or observed. Responding variable. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like a good ... Community-engaged research (CEnR) includes the target community as part of the research, where community is deﬁned as a group of individuals aﬃliated by geographicW hile the traditional approach to health research treats individuals and populations as the subjects of inquiry, community-engaged research (CEnR) involves establishing and maintaining authentic partnerships between researchers and those who are being researched, including local community members and organizations. 1-5 CEnR is an …1. Introduction. Community-engaged research (CEnR) includes the target community as part of the research, where community is defined as a group of individuals affiliated by geographic proximity, health conditions, or other unifying traits or interests commonly shared (1, 2).Translational and clinical research that incorporates the voices of …Community-Engaged Research (CEnR) is a framework or orientation for conducting research that supports the premise that people ought to be involved in the decisions, as well as the cultivation of information those decisions are guided by, that affect their lives (Cornwall and Jewkes 1995; Israel et al. 1998). Despite this heterogeneity, CEnR includes several common critical elements. These include: (1) Collaboration with groups of people affiliated by geographic proximity, special interest, ... Clinical and Translational Science Awards Consortium Community Engagement Key Function Committee Task Force on the Principles of Community Engagement. …The CEnR framework has important implications in terms of collaborative, human-centered design of these technology systems. It could improve the translation of information systems from laboratory development to a wide user base that includes first responders, government agencies, community organizations, and the impacted populations as a whole.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What procedures must be described in an agreement called an "assurance of compliance" with OHRP?, A researcher proposes to conduct a study at a foreign site that has been determined to be exempt from the federal regulations by institutional policy. According to federal regulations, is review …Jul 11, 2023 · An interactive element activated by a user with a mouse, keyboard, finger, voice command, or other assistive technology. Once activated, it performs an action, such as submitting a form or opening a dialog. <datalist> Contains a set of <option> elements that represent the permissible or recommended options available to choose from within other ...

The Building Efficiency for a Sustainable Tomorrow (BEST) Network supports publicly-funded 2- and 4-yr. colleges with programs in heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration (HVAC/R), controls, building automation, and energy/facilities management. Sponsored by Advanced Technological Education grants from the National Science …. Pirates of the caribbean tales of the code wedlocked film

As such, the community engagement literature is extensive and features a wide range of theories, approaches, strategies, and methods, reflecting tremendous diversity in how community engagement is defined, implemented, and evaluated. Despite this heterogeneity, CEnR includes several common critical elements such as:PDF | Introduction The extent to which Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) programs offer publicly accessible online resources for training... | Find, read and cite all the research ...Community health coalitions often include representatives from various community sectors, organizations, or constituencies, 16 have existing infrastructure, and use health development strategies to address health and social concerns. 17 These coalitions provide ready, organized partners for collaborative research. Therefore, faculty and staff …Community-engaged research (CEnR) includes the target community as part of the research, where community is defined as a group of individuals affiliated by geographic proximity, health conditions, or other unifying traits or interests commonly shared (1, 2). ... The key contribution of our model is to provide emphasis on identified …May 26, 2021 · 4. Tagline. “Eat fresh.”. “Just do it.”. These are two of the most well-known taglines in the world. Taglines, also known as slogans, are the flagship of brand messaging. Brand messaging is how you communicate your brand’s unique offer. Sometimes that offer is obvious, like Subway’s “Eat Fresh” slogan. The key strategic priorities of the USGCRP are to address uncertainties important to policy issues, including: ... is coordination of total Program development, integration of scientific elements, and overall program evaluation and review. In accordance with the provisions of the Global Change Research Act of 1990 (P.L. 101-606), specific responsibilities of the …There are key elements that make up a project charter. These elements are peculiar to both the traditional project charter and the six sigma project charter. Anyone drafting a project charter must consider these elements. 1. Project Overview ... In a project charter, the overview is the first element to include. It provides a complete description of …Expressionism is a term that, like impressionism, originated in the visual arts and was then applied to other arts including music. Expressionism can be considered a reaction to the ethereal sweetness of impressionism. Instead of gauzy impressions of natural beauty, expressionism looks inward to the angst and fear lurking in the subconscious mind.Similarly, risks to communities in CEnR include not just risks to the group’s self-conception or reputation as a result of research findings, as discussed earlier. ... Furthermore, it is widely agreed that an important feature of CEnR is that communities have a key role in determining what constitutes benefits and risks of the research, as well as …These employees must be educated on all relevant laws, OSHA regulations and other standards, and trained in the art of violation and hazard identification. To ensure objectivity, employees should never inspect their own work environment. A fresh set of eyes is better at spotting whatever issues a supervisor or section manager has failed to notice.7. Show traction with milestones. The final key element of your elevator pitch is conveying your business milestones, or your schedule. Here you will talk about your upcoming goals and when you plan to achieve them. If you have already accomplished notable milestones, you should mention those.Key conceptual issues in the forging of "culturally competent" community health initiatives: a South African example. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 2008;17(2):195-205. Simon C, Mosavel M, van Stade D**. Ethical challenges in the design and conduct of locally relevant international health research. Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is the most well-known framework for CEnR. As a highly evolved collaborative approach, CBPR would be represented on the right side of the continuum shown in Figure 1.1. In CBPR, all collaborators respect the strengths that each brings to the partnership, and the community participates fully in all ...Similarly, risks to communities in CEnR include not just risks to the group’s self-conception or reputation as a result of research findings, as discussed earlier. ... Furthermore, it is widely agreed that an important feature of CEnR is that communities have a key role in determining what constitutes benefits and risks of the research, as well as …Elements of culture include our norms, languages, rituals, holidays, food and diet, art, and architecture. It’s often hard to picture what a culture will look like. There are so many subtle things that inform our cultural identities. But the above elements can help us visualize some key building blocks of any culture. Contents show.The CEnR framework is designed and implemented in the context of researcher-community partnership; as such, the findings from this approach promise to be responsive to the real-world concerns of communities seeking to address trauma. This manuscript first articulates the rationale for CEnR in evidence-based advocacy and action. Next, we provide …is limited to the information elements the data subject specifically requests. is at the discretion of the organization, given its accounting policies. must be more detailed for disclosures that involve fewer than 50 subject records. HIPAA includes in its definition of "research," activities related to …Elements of culture include our norms, languages, rituals, holidays, food and diet, art, and architecture. It’s often hard to picture what a culture will look like. There are so many subtle things that inform our cultural identities. But the above elements can help us visualize some key building blocks of any culture. Contents show.Line. Great use of simple lines to create a minimalist design for an architecture firm. Via -Z-. The building’s edge creates a stunning visual line in this webpage design. Via Hitron. Lines enclose and contain the parts of a design by creating outlines. They can be smooth, rough, continuous, broken, thick or thin..

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